Quantum dots of CdS synthesized by micro-emulsion under ultrasound: size distribution and growth kinetics

Document Type : Regular Article

Authors

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract

Quantum dots of CdS with hexagonal phase were prepared at relatively low temperature (60 oC) and short time by micro-emulsion (O/W) under ultrasound. This study was focused on the particle size distribution and the growth kinetics. The particle size distribution obtained from the optical absorption edge. It was relatively symmetrical with sonication time. In addition, an agreement was observed with the size distribution obtained from the TEM images of the sample under ultrasound. The growth kinetics was monitored by the red-shift in UV-Visible absorbance peaks. The cubed average particle radius showed an emergence of linear regions at longer times. This indicates that the increase of particle size at longer time can be attributed to the diffusion-limited coarsening process. The rate constant for the coarsening increases with increasing the temperature. The Arrhenius-type plot was created by using the slopes of Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner (LSW) curves. The activation energy was 71.72 kJ.mol-1 for the ripening process. In fact, the acoustic cavitation strongly increases the diffusion of surface atoms.

Graphical Abstract

Quantum dots of CdS synthesized by micro-emulsion under ultrasound: size distribution and growth kinetics

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] P.V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 18737.
[2] Y.-M. Sung, K.-S. Park, Y.-J. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. C 111(2007) 1239.
[3] N. Guijarro, T. Lana-Villarreal, I. Mora-Sero´, J. Bisquert, R. Gomez, J. Phys. Chem. C 113 (2009) 4208.
[4] Y. Liang, C. Zhen, D. Zou, D. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 16338.
[5] J. Chen, X. Wang, Z. Zhang, Mater. Lett. 62 (2008) 787.
[6] S.Q. Sun, T. Li, Cryst. Growth Des. 7 (2007) 2367.
[7] G.Z. Shen, J.H. Cho, J.K. Yoo, G.C. Yi, C.J. Lee, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 9294.
[8] S. Kundu, H. Lee, H. Liang, Inorg. Chem. 48 (2009) 121.
[9] M. Ethayaraja, K. Dutta, D. Muthukumaran, R. Bandyopadhyaya, Langmuir 23 (2007) 3418.
[10] R. Thiruvengadathan, Y. Levi-Kalisman, O. Regev, Ultrason. Sonochem. 14 (2007) 398.
[11] H.O. Wingkei, J.C. Yu, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 247 (2006) 268.
[12] A. Tiehm, S. Krabnitzer, Y. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, Ultrason. Sonochem. 16 (2009) 617.
[13] R. Vijayakumar, Y. Koltypin, I. Felner, A. Gedanken, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 286 (2000) 101.
[14] J.H. Bang, W.H. Suh, K.S. Suslick, Chem. Mater. 20 (2008) 4033.
[15] D.J. Flannigan, K.S. Suslick, Nature 434 (2005) 52.
[16] K.S. Suslick, G.J. Price, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29 (1999) 295.
[17] M.M. Mdeleni, T. Hyeon, K.S. Suslick, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 6189.
[18] K.S. Suslick, S.J. Doktycz, in: T.J.Mason (Ed.), Advances in Sonochemistry, Vol. 1, JAI Press, New York, 1990.
[19] S. Avivi (Levi), O. Palchik, V. Palchik, M.A. Slifkin, A.M. Weiss, A. Gedanken, Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 2195.
[20] W. Guo, Z. Lin, X. Wang, G. Song, Microelectron. Eng. 66 (2003) 95.
[21] M.H. Entezari, N. Ghows, M. Chamsaz, J. Phys. Chem. A 109 (2005) 4638.
[22] S. Freitas, G. Hielscher, H.P. Merkle, B. Gander, Ultrason. Sonochem. 13 (2006) 76.
[23] M.H. Entezari, N. Ghows, Ultrason. Sonochem. 18 (2011) 127.
[24] N. Ghows, M.H. Entezari, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17(2010) 878.
[25] F. Caruso, Colloids and Colloid Assemblies, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2004.
[26] J. Park, K. Hyi Lee, J.F. Galloway, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 17849.
[27] J.L. Zhao, J.A. Bardecker, A.M. Munro, M.S. Liu, Y.H. Niu, I.K. Ding, J.D. Luo, B.Q. Chen, A.K. Y. Jen, D.S. Ginger, Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 463.
[28] M. Bruchez, M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, A.P. Alivisatos, Science 281 (1998) 2013.
[29] Y.J. Chan, S. Steckel, P.T. Snee, J.M. Caruge, J.M. Hodgkiss, D.G. Nocera, M.G. Bawendi, Blue Semiconductor Nanocrystal Laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 073102.
[30] J. Scha¨fer, J.P. Mondia, R. Sharma, Z.H. Lu, A.S. Susha, A.L. Rogach, L. Wang, Quantum Dot Microdrop Laser, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 1709.
[31] L. Manna, E.C. Scher, A.P. Alivisatos, Synthesis of Soluble and Processable Rod-, Arrow-, Teardrop-, and Tetrapod-Shaped CdSe Nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 12700.
[32] C.B. Murray, C.R. Kagan, M.G. Bawendi, Annu. ReV. Mater. Sci. 30 (2000) 545.
[33] G. Oskam, A. Nellore, R.L. Penn, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 1734.
[34] Z. Hu, D.J. Escamilla Ramırez, B.E. Heredia Cervera, G. Oskam, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 11209.
[35] I.M. Lifshitz, V.V. Slyozov, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 19 (1961) 35.
[36] C.Z. Wagner, Elektrochem. 65 (1961) 581.
[37] F. Huang, H.Z. Zhang, J.F. Banfield, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 10470.
[38] T. He, D.R. Chen, X.L. Jiao, Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 737.
[39] E.M. Wong, J.E. Bonevich, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 7770.
[40] Z. Hu, G. Oskam, P.C. Searson, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 263 (2003) 454.
[41] E.M. Wong, P.G. Hoertz, [C.J. Liang, B.M. Shi, G.J. Meyer, P.C. Searson, Langmuir 17 (2001) 8362.
[42] Z.S. Hu, G. Oskam, R.L. Penn, N. Pesika, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 3124.
[43] N.S. Pesika, K.J. Stebe, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 10412.
[44] R.S.Yadav, P. Mishra, R. Mishra, M. Kumar, A.C. Pandey, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17 (2010)116).
[45] D. Jian, Q. Gao, Chem. Eng. J. 121.
[46] R.A. Smith, (2nd ed.), Semiconductors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
[47] J.M. Stillahn, K.J. Trevino, E.R. Fisher, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3 (2011) 1402.
[48] J. Tauc, R. Grigorovic, A. Vancu, Phys. Status Solidi 15 (1966) 627.
[49] M. Deepa, A. Kharkwal, A.G. Joshi, A.K. Srivastava, J. Phys. Chem. B 115 (2011) 7321.
[50] Y. Gao, Y. Masuda, H. Ohta, K. Koumoto, Chem. Mater 16 (2004) 2615.
[51] P.H.T. Ngamou, N. Bahlawane, Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 4158.
[52] R. Brahimi, Y. Bessekhouad, A. Bouguelia, M. Trari, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 194 (2008) 173.
[53] C.N.R. Rao, A. Muller, A.K. Cheetham, Nanomaterial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2007.
[54] L. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 80 (1984) 4403.
[55] P.E. Lippens, M. Lanno, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 10935.
[56] S.S. Shiv, C. Sayandev, S. Murali, Phys. Chem. Commun. 6 (2003) 36.